| Albanian | Albanian | Albanian | Gheg | Latin | north of and near the Shkumbin river |
| Tosk | Latin | south of and near the Shkumbin river |
| Altaic | Japanic | | | | (far from Europe) |
| Koreanic | | | | (far from Europe) |
| Mongolic | Mongolian | common | Mongolian | Golden Horde |
| Khitan | Khitan | Khitan large, Khitan small | dying language of the Kara-Khitan Khanate remnants |
| Tunguskic | | | | (far from Europe) |
| Turkic | Arghu | Khalaj | ? | just moving to the Valley of Kabul, some Khalaj people joining the Mongols |
| Karluk | Khorezmian | Arabic | Golden Horde |
| Uyghur (Old Turkic, not modern Uyghur) | Old Turkic, Sogdian | Xinjiang region |
| Kipchak | Bashkir | Arabic, Old Turkic | Bashkirs - southeast of Volga Bulgaria |
| Cuman | Latin, Rovasiras | Cuman/Kipchak Khanates |
| Fergana Kipchak | ? | Fergana Valley |
| Kipchak | Latin, Rovasiras | Cuman/Kipchak Khanates |
| Kumyk | ? | Kumyk plateau - on western coast of Caspian Sea north of Shirvan |
| Kyrgyz | Old Turkic | roughly present-day Kyrgyzstan |
| Tatar | Arabic | east of Volga Bulgaria |
| Oghur | Bulgar | Arabic, Orkhon | Volga Bulgaria |
| Chuvash | Arabic, Orkhon | Volga Bulgaria |
| Khazar | ? | - (recently dead language of Khazars) |
| Turkic Avar | - | - (dead language of Eurasian Avars) |
| Oghuz | Afshar | ? | Azerbaijan |
| Azerbaijani | Arabic | Azerbaijan |
| Ghuzz / Turkmen | - (Arabic starting) | east of the Caspian Sea |
| Khorasani | ? | Khurasan |
| Pecheneg | Latin, Rovasiras | Cuman/Kipchak Khanates |
| Turkish (Old Anatolian Turkish) | Arabic (predominantly), Greek | Anatolia |
| Siberian | | | (far from Europe) |
| Armenian | Armenian | Armenian | Armenian | Armenian | Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia |
| Aryan | Indic | Dardic | Kashmiri | Sharada | Kashmir |
| Pashayi | - | northern Ghur - just south of the Hindu Kush |
| Shina | Devanagari | Kashmir and northern Ghur - just south of the Hindu Kush |
| ? | ? | ? |
| Romani-Domani | Domani | - | ? |
| Lomavren | - | ? |
| Romani | - | ? |
| (other Indic languages) | | | (far from Europe) |
| Iranian | Eastern Iranian | Avestan | Avestan, Pahlavi | liturgical Zoroastrianism |
| Bactrian | Greek, Manichaean | - |
| Khwarezmian | Aramaic | Kwarazm |
| Pashto | Aramaic | Ghur |
| Scytho-Sarmatian / Ossetian | Greek | central Caucasus - around the Bolshoi Zelenchuk river valley |
| Sogdian | Sogdian, Manichaean | Kwarazm, Transoxiana |
| Western Iranian | Bactrian Parsi | Arabic, Pahlavi | Bactria - just north of the Hindu Kush |
| Baloch | Arabic, Pahlavi | Kirman, Makran |
| Kurdish | Arabic, Pahlavi | Jibal |
| Luri | Arabic, Pahlavi | Khuzistan |
| Persian / Parsik | Arabic, Pahlavi | court dialect |
| Sogdian Parsi | Arabic, Pahlavi | Sogdia |
| Tabari / Mazanderani | Arabic, Pahlavi | Mazandaran |
| Nuristani | Nuristani | Nuristani | ? | Hindu Kush |
| Balto-Slavic | Baltic | Eastern Baltic | Curonian | - | between the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga |
| Latvian | Latin (just starting) | north of the Daugava River |
| Lithuanian | Latin (starting soon) | north of the Neman River |
| Selonian | - | between the Latgalians and the Semigallians and the Lithuanians |
| Semigallian | - | south of the Gulf of Riga |
| Western Baltic | Galindian | - | south of and between the Prussians and the Yotvingians (Sudovians) |
| Prussian | Latin | south of the Baltic Sea and east of the Vistula River |
| Skalvian | - | around the Neman River by the Baltic Sea |
| Sudovian / Yotvingian | - | between the Neman River and the Narew River and the Pregola River |
| Slavic | East Slavonic | Novgorod | Cyrillic | Republic of Novgorod |
| Russian | Cyrillic | Principalities of Smolensk, Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversk, Murom-Riazan, and Vladimir-Suzdal |
| Ruthenian (Belarusian-Rusyn-Ukrainian) | Cyrillic | Principalities of Polozk, Tourov-Pinsk, Galicia Voyhynia, Kiev, and Pereyaslavl and a little into eastern Hungary |
| South Slavonic | Bulgarian | Cyrillic | (Second) Bulgarian Empire |
| Old Church Slavonic | Glagolitic | religious texts |
| Serbian | Cyrillic, Latin | Croatia, Bosnia, Rashka, Zeta |
| West Slavonic | Czech | Latin | Bohemia, Moravia |
| Polish-Polabian-Kashubian-Silesian | Latin | Great Poland, Little Poland, Lower Silesia, Masovia, Pomerania, Pomerelia |
| Slovak | Latin | northern Hungary |
| Sorbian / Wendish | Latin | Lusatia, Rugen, Brandenburg, Pomerania |
| Basque | Basque | Basque / Euskara | Basque / Euskara | Latin | northern Navarre and a little beyond |
| Berber | Berber | Tamazight | Kabyle | Arabic, Tifinagh | modern Algeria region |
| Tarifit / Riffian | Arabic, Tifinagh | Maghreb and Rif |
| Siwi / Siwan | Arabic, Tifinagh | Siwah oasis in northwestern Egypt |
| Tashelhiyt-Atlas | Arabic, Tifinagh | central highlands of northwest Africa |
| Tuareg / Tamahaq | Tifinagh | deep south of northwest Africa |
| Zenaga | Arabic, Tifinagh | southwest Mauritania |
| Guanche | Canaria | Silbo | - | Canary Islands: Canaria |
| Spoken | - | Canary Islands: Canaria |
| Capraria | Silbo | - | Canary Islands: Capraria |
| Spoken | - | Canary Islands: Capriaria |
| Herbania | Herbania | - | Canary Islands: Herbania |
| Invallis | Invallis | - | Canary Islands: Invallis |
| Junonia | Junonia | - | Canary Islands: Junonia |
| Ninguaria | Silbo | - | Canary Islands: Ninguaria |
| Spoken | - | Canary Islands: Ninguaria |
| Pluvialia | Silbo | - | Canary Islands: Pluvialia |
| Spoken | - | Canary Islands: Pluvialia |
| Caucasic | Northeastern | Avar-Andic | ? | - | ? |
| Avar | Nuskhuri, Asomtavruli, Mkhedruli | lingua franca for Avar-Andic and Tsezic languages |
| Dargi | ? | ? | ? |
| Khinalug / Xinalug | Khinalug / Xinalug | ? | ? |
| Lak | Lak | ? | ? |
| Lezgic | ? | ? | ? |
| Nakh | Batsbi / Bats | ? | ? |
| Chechen | Nuskhuri, Asomtavruli, Mkhedruli | ? |
| Ingush | Nuskhuri, Asomtavruli, Mkhedruli | ? |
| Tsezic / Didoic | ? | - | ? |
| Northwestern | Abkhaz-Abaza / Abazgi | Abaza | - | ? |
| Abkhaz / Abxaz | - | ? |
| Circassian / Cherkess | Adyghe / Adyge | - | ? |
| Kabardian | - | ? |
| Ubykh | Karacalar | - | ? |
| Ubykh | - | around Sochi |
| Celtic | Celtic | Brythonic | Breton | Latin | Brittany |
| Cornish | Latin | Cornwall |
| Cumbric | Latin | northern England, Scottish lowlands |
| Welsh | Latin | Wales |
| Goidelic / Gaelic | Connacht | Latin | western Ireland |
| Galwegian | Latin | Kingdom of the Isles |
| Highland / Erse | Latin | Scotland |
| Leinster | Latin | eastern Ireland |
| Manx | Latin | Isle of Mann |
| Munster | Latin | southern Ireland |
| Ulster | Latin | northern Ireland |
| Pictish | Pictish | Ogham | dead language of the Picts, used by the Gruagach |
| Egyptian | Egyptian | Coptic | Akhmimic / Lycopolitan / Subakhmimic / Assiutic | Coptic | some texts |
| Bohairic / Memphitic | Coptic | dying out in Lower Egypt, new liturgical language for Coptic Orthodox Church |
| Fayyumic / Bashmuric / Oxyrhynchite / Mesokemic | Coptic | some texts |
| Sahidic / Thebaic | Coptic | Upper Egypt, most texts, old liturgical language for Coptic Orthodox Church |
| Demotic | Demotic | Demotic | old papyrus texts |
| Egyptian | Archaic Egyptian | Hieratic, Hieroglyphic | ancient texts, tombs |
| Early Egyptian | Hieratic, Hieroglyphic | ancient texts, tombs |
| Late Egyptian | Hieratic, Hieroglyphic | ancient texts, tombs |
| Middle Egyptian | Hieratic, Hieroglyphic | ancient texts, tombs |
| Germanic | Anglo-Saxon | English | East Midland (East Anglian) | Latin | eastern England north of the Thames |
| Kentish | Latin | eastern England south of the Thames |
| Northern / Northumbrian | Latin | northern England, Scottish lowlands |
| Southern / West Saxon | Latin | western England south of the Thames |
| West Midland / West Anglian | Latin | western England north of the Thames |
| German | Dutch | Brabantian | Latin | County of Brabant |
| Flemish-Zeelandic (different from Low German's Flemish) | Latin | Flanders |
| Hollandic | Latin | Holland |
| Limburgish | Latin | around Maastricht |
| Low Saxon | Latin | between Brabant and Friesland |
| East German | Burgundic | ? | - |
| Crimean Gothic | ? | Gothia |
| Gothic | Gothic | House Bjornaer mysteries |
| Vandalic | Gothic | - |
| High German | Bavarian | Latin | Duchy of Bavaria |
| Franconian | Latin | Duchy of Franconia |
| Rhinelandic (Hessian-Rhenish-Moselle-Ripuarian) | Latin | Duchy of Lorraine |
| Swabian | Latin | Duchy of Swabia |
| Swiss / Alemannic | Latin | Klein-Burgund and many smaller states up to and around Strassburg |
| Thuringian-Upper Saxon | Latin | Landgraviate of Thuringia, March of Meissen |
| Yiddish | Hebrew | German Jews |
| Low German | Flemish (different from Dutch's Flemish) | Latin | Flanders |
| Frisian | Latin | Friesland |
| Pomeranian | Latin | Pomerania |
| Saxon | Latin | Duchy of Saxony, Burzenland, lingua franca for Baltic trade |
| Old Norse | East Norse | Danish | Latin, Runic | Denmark |
| Scanian | Latin, Runic | Scania |
| Swedish | Latin, Runic | Sweden |
| Gutnish | Gutnish | Latin, Runic | Gotland |
| West Norse | Faroese | Latin, Runic | Faroe Islands |
| Greenlandic | Latin, Runic | Greenland |
| Icelandic | Latin, Runic | Iceland |
| Norn | Latin, Runic | Caithness, Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland |
| Norwegian | Latin, Runic | Norway, a few isolated spots in eastern Britain |
| Hellenic | Greek | Byzantine Greek | Cappadocian | Greek | south-central Anatolia |
| Demotic / koine / common | Greek | Byzantine (Roman) Empire |
| Pontic | Greek | southeastern coast of Black Sea |
| Yevanic | Hebrew | Byzantine Jews |
| Classical Greek | Aeolic | Greek | - |
| Attic | Greek | literature of Classical Greece, Biblical Greek |
| Doric / Tsakonian | Greek | small region in eastern Greece near Tyros |
| Ionic | Greek | - |
| Homeric | Greek | - |
| Koine Greek | koine / common | Greek | - |
| Kartvelian | Karto-Zan | Georgian | Georgian | Nuskhuri, Asomtavruli, Mkhedruli | Georgia (including Tskhumi) |
| Zan | Laz | Nuskhuri, Asomtavruli, Mkhedruli | southwestern corner of Georgia |
| Mingrelian | Nuskhuri, Asomtavruli, Mkhedruli | coastal northwestern corner of Georgia (including Tskhumi) |
| Svan | Svan | Svan | Nuskhuri, Asomtavruli, Mkhedruli | northern edge of the northwestern corner of Georgia (near Dombai-Ulgen) |
| Romance / Latinate | Balkan Romance | Vlach | Aromanian | Latin | Illyria, northern Greece |
| Romanian | Latin | Romanians |
| Island Romance | Sardinian | Campidanese | Latin | southern Sardinia |
| Logudorese-Nuorese | Latin | northern and central Sardinia |
| Italo-Romance | Tuscan | Corsican | Latin | Corsica |
| Sassarese | Latin | northwestern Sardinia |
| Tuscan | Latin | eastern coast of the Tirrenian north of Rome |
| Neapolitan | Abruzzese | Latin | Abruzzo |
| Campano | Latin | Campania |
| Lucano | Latin | Calabria, Lucania |
| Molisano | Latin | small region between Abruzzo, Campania, and Puglia |
| Pugliese | Latin | Puglia |
| Sicilian | Calabrese | Latin | most extreme end of Calabria |
| Salentino | Latin | most extreme end of Puglia |
| Siciliano | Latin | Sicily |
| Latin | Latin | Classical | Latin | - |
| Ecclesiastical | Latin | churches |
| Hermetic | Latin | Order of Hermes |
| Medieval | Latin | European scholars |
| Western Romance | Dalmation | Ragusan | Latin | southern Dalmatian coast |
| Vegliot | Latin | northern Dalmatian coast |
| Veneto-Istriot | Latin | northeast, north of the Po river, including the northern coastline of the Adriatic, but not into the mountains |
| Franco-Provençal | Dauphinois | Latin | Dauphine |
| Franc-Comptois | Latin | Pfalzgrafschaft Burgund |
| Lyonnaise | Latin | Lyon and La Bresse |
| Piedmont | Latin | southeastern Savoy |
| Savoyard | Latin | Savoy |
| Valdotain | Latin | Aosta Valley (eastern Savoy) |
| Vaudois | Latin | western Klein-Burgund |
| Langues d'Oil / French | Anglo-Norman | Latin | English nobility, Channel Islands |
| Bourguignon | Latin | Burgundy |
| Champenois | Latin | Champagne |
| Lorrain | Latin | Upper Lorraine |
| Norman | Latin | Normandy, eastern Brittany, western parts of Lower and Upper Lorraine |
| Orleanais | Latin | Ile de France, French nobility |
| Picard | Latin | northwestern France |
| Poitevin | Latin | Anjou, western Aquitaine |
| Walloon | Latin | Lower Lorraine |
| Latina / Mozarabic / Andalusi Romance | Latina / Mozarabic / Andalusi Romance | Arabic | Al-Andalus, dying out soon and becoming displaced by Castilian |
| North Italian | Emiliano-Romagnolo | Latin | western coast of the Adriatic north of Rome |
| Genoese (Ligurian) | Latin | thin Genoese coastline north of the Tirrenian |
| Lombard | Latin | Lombardy |
| Piedmontese | Latin | Piedmont |
| North Iberian | Astur-Leonese | Latin | Leon |
| Galego-Portuguese | Latin | Galicia, Portugal |
| Navarro-Aragonese | Latin | western Aragon, southern Navarre |
| Castilian-Ladino | Latin, Hebrew | Castile, Iberian Jews, diverging soon |
| Occitan | Auvergnat | Latin | eastern Aquitaine |
| Catalan | Latin | eastern Aragon, just spreading to the Balearic Islands |
| Gascon | Latin | Guyenne |
| Limousin | Latin | central Aquitaine |
| Provencal | Latin | Provence |
| Rhaetian | Ladin | Latin | eastern Tyrol, Friuli |
| Romansh | Latin | western Tyrol |
| Sabir | Eastern | Latin | lingua franca of the Mediterranean |
| Western | Latin | lingua franca of the Mediterranean |
| Semitic | Arabic | Arabic | Andalusi | Arabic | Al-Andalus |
| Classical | Arabic | secular scholarship, poetry, the Qur'an |
| Egyptian | Arabic | Egypt |
| Khaliji | Arabic | Arabia |
| Levantine | Arabic | eastern Mediterranean coast |
| Maghrebi / Derija | Arabic | north Africa west of Egypt |
| Maslawi | Arabic | Iraq, Jibal |
| Maltese | Maltese | Latin | Malta |
| Aramaic | Aramaic | ? | ? | some Christians of the Jazira and northwest provinces, liturgical use by Jews |
| Syriac | ? | ? | written and liturgical use by Nestorian and Jacobite Christians |
| Canaanite | Hebrew | Ammonite | Hebrew | - |
| Edomite | Aramaic | - |
| Hebrew | Hebrew | liturgical language of the Jews |
| Moabite | Phoenician | - |
| Phoenician/Punic | Carthaginian | Phoenician | - |
| Khalida | Phoenician | Banu Khalida in very southern Mauritania |
| Phoenician | Phoenician | - |
| Ethiopian | North Ethiopic | Ge'ez | Ge'ez | liturgical and scholarly language of Ethiopian Christians |
| Tigre | Ge'ez | Eritrea |
| Tigrinya | Ge'ez | northern Ethiopia |
| South Ethiopic | Amharic | Ge'ez | southern Ethiopia, lingua franca of Ethiopia |
| South Arabian / Sayhadic | Hadramitic | Hadramitic | South Arabian | - |
| Minaean | Minaean | South Arabian | - |
| Qatabanian | ? | South Arabian | - |
| Sabaean / Sabaic | ? | South Arabian | - |
| Uralic | Finno-Permic | Finnic | Finnish | - | very eastern Sweden and north of there (the location of modern-day Finland) |
| Ingrian | ? | south of the eastern end of the Gulf of Finland |
| Karelian | Cyrillic (recently) | Karelia |
| Livonian | ? | southern area around the Gulf of Riga |
| Merya | - | - (dead language from around the Volga River near Uglich) |
| North Estonian | ? | northeast of the Gulf of Riga and east to Lake Peipus |
| South Estonian | ? | inland southwest of Lake Peipus |
| Veps | ? | northeast of the Republic of Novgorod |
| Mari | Hill | ? | northwestern Volga Bulgaria |
| Meadow-Eastern | ? | north-northwestern Volga Bulgaria |
| Mordvinic | Erzya | - | just west of Volga Bulgaria |
| Meshcherian | - | dying out east of Moscow and north of the Oka River |
| Moksha | - | just west of Volga Bulgaria |
| Muromian | - | - (recently died out or nearly so about halfway between Moscow and Volga Bulgaria) |
| Permic | Komi | Cyrillic | northeast of the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal |
| Udmurt | Cyrillic | north of Volga Bulgaria |
| Sami | Mainland | - | north of Karelia |
| Northwestern | - | northern Norway and north of Sweden from about halfway up to the north end of the Gulf of Bothnia and covering the whole region north of the Gulf of Bothnia and north of the Finns |
| Peninsular | - | the peninsula north of the White Sea |
| Southwestern | - | northern Norway and north of Sweden from about northern Sweden halfway up to the north end of the Gulf of Bothnia |
| Samoyedic | Core Samoyedic | Enets-Nenets | - | Siberian coast east of the White Sea to the Yenisei River |
| Kamas-Selkup | - | central Siberian region roughly east of modern Nizhnevartovsk |
| Mator | Mator | - | Sayan Mountains |
| Nganasan | Nganasa | - | Siberian coast east between the Yenisei River and the Kotuy River |
| Ugric | Magyar | Hungarian | Latin, Rovasiras | Hungary |
| Transylvanian | Latin, Rovasiras | Hungarian-occupied Transylvannia |
| Ob-Ugric | Khanty / Ostyak | - | southern Urals |
| Mansi / Vogul | - | southern Urals |
